IBD multifactorial

Welcome to this section where we will explore the risk factors and protective factors that have been described in association to IBD. Delve into the intricate web of factors influencing IBD onset but take into account that most of the evidence comes from observational studies and as such caution is required when driving conclusions.

Remember, while associations abound, none of these factors alone can explain IBD development—association does not imply causation.

  1. ANTIBIOTICS

    1. Antibiotic exposure and risk of new-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
    2. Maternal antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and risk of IBD in offspring: a population-based cohort study
    3. The association of antibiotic exposure with new-onset inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    4. Antibiotic use as a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease across the ages: a population-based cohort study
    5. Perinatal and Antibiotic Exposures and the Risk of Developing Childhood-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nested Case-Control Study Based on a Population-Based Birth Cohort
    6. Early-Life Mebendazole Exposure Increases the Risk of Adult-Onset Ulcerative Colitis: A Population-Based Cohort Study
    7. Correlation between antibiotic use in childhood and subsequent inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    8. Antibiotic use and IBD risk (Case control study-Sweden)
    9. Fetal and early life antibiotics exposure and very early onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study
    10. Antibiotics Associated With Increased Risk of New-Onset Crohn’s Disease But Not Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-Analysis
    11. Antibiotic Exposure and IBD Development Among Children: A Population-Based Cohort Study
    12. Association between the use of antibiotics in the first year of life and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
  2. APPENDICECTOMY

    1. Investigating the causal relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and simple appendicitis using Mendelian randomization
    2. Nature review
    3. The Role of Appendicectomy in Ulcerative Colitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    4. The Role of Appendicectomy in Crohns disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    5. Childhood appendicitis and future risk of inflammatory bowel disease
    6. Appendectomy and risk for inflammatory bowel disease: effect of age and time post appendectomy — a cohort study
    7. Reduced risk of UC in families affected by appendicitis
    8. Meta-analysis of the association between appendiceal orifice inflammation and appendectomy and ulcerative colitis
    9. Appendicitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and subsequent risk of ulcerative colitis
    10. The Risk of Developing Crohn’s Disease After an Appendectomy
    11. The risk of developing Crohn’s disease after an appendectomy: a population‐based cohort study in Sweden and Denmark
    12. Epidemiology of appendicectomy in primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis
    13. Appendectomy is followed by increased risk of Crohn’s disease
    14. Protective role of appendicectomy on onset and severity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
    15. Appendectomy is more frequent but not a risk factor in Crohn’s disease while being protective in ulcerative colitis: a comparison of surgical procedures in inflammatory bowel disease
    16. Appendectomy protects against the development of ulcerative colitis and reduces its recurrence
    17. Appendectomy and Protection against Ulcerative Colitis
    18. Appendectomy, tonsillectomy, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease
    19. Appendicectomy, childhood hygiene, Helicobacter pylori status, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study
    20. Appendectomy and the risk of developing ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease: Results of a large case-control study. South Limburg Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group
    21. Appendectomy and Tonsillectomy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  3. BARRIER DYSFUNCTION

    1. Aberrant Mucin Expression Profiles Associate With Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Presentation and Activity
    2. Immune response and barrier dysfunction-related proteomic signatures in preclinical phase of Crohn’s disease highlight earliest events of pathogenesis
    3. Increased Intestinal Permeability Is Associated With Later Development of Crohn’s Disease
    4. Analysis of Genetic Association of Intestinal Permeability in Healthy First-degree Relatives of Patients with Crohn’s Disease
    5. Determinants of Intestinal Permeability in Healthy First-Degree Relatives of Individuals with Crohn’s Disease
    6. Changes in expression and distribution of claudin 2, 5 and 8 lead to discontinuous tight junctions and barrier dysfunction in active Crohn’s disease
    7. Different intestinal permeability patterns in relatives and spouses of patients with Crohn’s disease: an inherited defect in mucosal defence?
  4. DIET

    1. higher glycemic index and IBD risk
    2. Metabolic and lifestyle factors accelerate disease onset and alter gut microbiome in inflammatory non-communicable diseases
    3. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Diet and Nutritional Therapies in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review
    4. Association of ultra-processed food intake with Crohn’s disease (Cross-sectional & prospective analysis-UK)
    5. Ultra processed food & IBD risk SR & meta-analysis
    6. The Association between Total Protein, Animal Protein, and Animal Protein Sources with Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
    7. Dietary index based on the Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system and risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
    8. Food Processing and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    9. Food Processing and Risk of CD and UC: A European Prospective Cohort Study
    10. Early life diet & IBD risk
    11. Ultra-processed Foods and Risk of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study (Nurses’ Health I&II and Health Professionals)
    12. Protein intake and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis
    13. Meat intake associated with UC risk (Cohort-EPIC cohort Europe)
    14. Association of ultra-processed food intake with IBD risk (Cohort-21 different countries-PURE study)
    15. Dietary Patterns, Ultra-processed Food, and the Risk of IBD in the NutriNet-Santé Cohort (France)
    16. Association of Dietary Fiber, Fruit, and Vegetable Consumption with Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    17. Systematic review with meta-analysis: environmental and dietary differences of inflammatory bowel disease in Eastern and Western populations
    18. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Association of a pre-illness Western dietary pattern with the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease
    19. Dietary intake of fish, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
    20. No Association Between Consumption of Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Later-Onset Crohn’s Disease or Ulcerative Colitis
    21. A meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate intake and inflammatory bowel disease risk: evidence from 15 epidemiology studies
    22. Beverage intake and risk of Crohn disease. A meta-analysis of 16 epidemiological studies
    23. Fat intake- UC meta-analysis
    24. Carbohydrate and protein intake and risk of ulcerative colitis: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
    25. Beverage consumption and risk of ulcerative colitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
    26. Dietary Patterns and Risk of IBD in Europe: Results from the EPIC Study
    27. Consumption of vegetables and fruit and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis
    28. Meat intake and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis
    29. Dietary fiber intake reduces risk of inflammatory bowel disease: result from a meta-analysis
    30. Association between high dietary intake of the *n*−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid and reduced risk of Crohn’s disease
    31. Diettary pattern and risk of IBD (EPIC study cohort-Europe)
    32. Long-term intake of dietary fat and risk of IBD (Nurses’ Health Study cohorts-US)
    33. Carbohydrate Intake in the Etiology of IBD (cohort study-EPIC study-Europe)
    34. Dietary arachidonic and oleic acid intake in UC
    35. Dietary fibre and IBD risk (Nurses’ Health Study cohort-US)
    36. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids & UC (cohort study-UK)
    37. Animal Protein Intake and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The E3N Prospective Study (France)
    38. Linoleic acid (n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid) and UC (nested case-control within European cohort)
    39. Diet in the aetiology of UC: a European prospective cohort study (EPIC study)
    40. Dietary patterns and UC (EPIC study. Europe)
    41. Dietary patterns and risk for CD in children (case-controls. Canada)
    42. Imbalances in Dietary Consumption of Fatty Acids, Vegetables, and Fruits are associated with pediatric CD (Case-control -Canada)
    43. Dietary Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Case-control -Japan)
    44. Diet as a risk factor for the development of ulcerative colitis
    45. Pre-illness dietary factors in IBD (Case-control Israel)
    46. Increased dietary intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and animal protein relates to the increased incidence of CD in Japan
    47. Smoking and sugar intake are separate but interactive risk factors in CD
    48. Geographic and temporal variations of sugar and margarine consumption in relation to Crohn’s disease
    49. Diet and Crohn’s disease: characteristics of the pre-illness diet (case-control)
    50. Breakfast composition and CD risk
    51. Breakfast cornflakes-CD
    52. Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates in patients with CD (case-control. Germany)
  5. EXERCISE & OBESITY

    1. Severe obesity, a susceptibility factor for developing inflammatory bowel disease: results of a population-based study
    2. Physical Activity Is Associated With A Decreased Risk Of Developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis
    3. Physical activity in childhood and later risk of IBD (Scandinavian cohort)
    4. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies on obesity and risk of inflammatory bowel disease
    5. Obesity is Associated With Increased Risk of CD, but not UC (pooled analysis of 5 cohort studies)
    6. Body mass index and risk of IBD: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies of over a million participants
    7. Relation of body mass index to risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease amongst women in the Danish National Birth Cohort
    8. Association between physical activity and IBD
    9. Measures of obesity and risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
    10. Body Mass Index Is Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    11. Body Mass Index and the Risk for Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Data From a European Prospective Cohort Study (The*IBD*in EPIC Study)
  6. GENETICS & OMICS

    1. Reduced *LHFPL3-AS2* lncRNA expression is linked to altered epithelial polarity and proliferation, and to ileal ulceration in Crohn disease
    2. Risk Factors for Developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease Within and Across Families with a Family History of IBD
    3. HLA-DRB1*01:03 and Severe Ulcerative Colitis
    4. Genetic architecture of the inflammatory bowel diseases across East Asian and European ancestries
    5. Genome-Wide Methylation Profiling in 229 Patients With Crohn’s Disease Requiring Intestinal Resection: Epigenetic Analysis of the Trial of Prevention of Post-operative Crohn’s Disease (TOPPIC)
    6. Identifying high-impact variants and genes in exomes of Ashkenazi Jewish inflammatory bowel disease patients
    7. Multiomics to elucidate IBD risk factors and pathways
    8. Large-scale sequencing identifies multiple genes and rare variants associated with Crohn’s disease susceptibility
    9. Identification of Three Novel Susceptibility Loci for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Koreans in an Extended Genome-Wide Association Study
    10. Genetic Analysis of Ulcerative Colitis in Japanese Individuals Using Population-specific SNP Array
    11. Association of FUT2 and ABO with Crohn’s disease in Koreans
    12. A Genome-wide Association Study Identifying *RAP1A* as a Novel Susceptibility Gene for Crohn’s Disease in Japanese Individuals
    13. Analysis of Genetic Association of Intestinal Permeability in Healthy First-degree Relatives of Patients with Crohn’s Disease
    14. The Crohn’s disease polymorphism, *ATG16L1*T300A, alters the gut microbiota and enhances the local Th1/Th17 response
    15. Determinants of IBD Heritability: Genes, Bugs, and More
    16. X Chromosome-wide Association Study Identifies a Susceptibility Locus for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Koreans
    17. Fine-mapping inflammatory bowel disease loci to single-variant resolution
    18. Genome-wide association study implicates immune activation of multiple integrin genes in inflammatory bowel disease
    19. Exploring the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease by whole-genome sequencing identifies association at *ADCY7*
    20. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies African-Specific Susceptibility Loci in African Americans With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    21. Analysis of five chronic inflammatory diseases identifies 27 new associations and highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci
    22. Inherited determinants of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis phenotypes: a genetic association study
    23. Identification of Loci at 1q21 and 16q23 That Affect Susceptibility to Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Koreans
    24. Identification of Ten Additional Susceptibility Loci for Ulcerative Colitis Through Immunochip Analysis in Koreans
    25. A protein-truncating R179X variant in *RNF186* confers protection against ulcerative colitis
    26. High-density mapping of the MHC identifies a shared role for HLA-DRB1*01:03 in inflammatory bowel diseases and heterozygous advantage in ulcerative colitis
    27. Genome-wide association study of Crohn’s disease in Koreans revealed three new susceptibility loci and common attributes of genetic susceptibility across ethnic populations
    28. Immunochip Analysis Identification of 6 Additional Susceptibility Loci for Crohn’s Disease in Koreans
    29. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations
    30. Heritability in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From the First Twin Study to Genome-Wide Association Studies
    31. Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis
    32. Associations Between Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease: A Meta-analysis
    33. A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies 2 Susceptibility Loci for Crohn’s Disease in a Japanese Population
    34. Genome-wide Association Study Signal at the 12q12 Locus for Crohn’s Disease May Represent Associations with the ***MUC19*** Gene
    35. A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies 2 Susceptibility Loci for Crohn’s Disease in a Japanese Population
    36. Deep Resequencing of GWAS Loci Identifies Rare Variants in *CARD9* , *IL23R* and *RNF186* That Are Associated with Ulcerative Colitis
    37. A Genome-Wide Scan of Ashkenazi Jewish Crohn’s Disease Suggests Novel Susceptibility Loci
    38. Host–microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease
    39. Disease phenotype and genotype are associated with shifts in intestinal-associated microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases
    40. Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47
    41. Deep resequencing of GWAS loci identifies independent rare variants associated with inflammatory bowel disease
    42. Genome-wide association identifies multiple ulcerative colitis susceptibility loci
    43. Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn’s disease susceptibility loci
    44. A genome-wide association study identifies three new susceptibility loci for ulcerative colitis in the Japanese population
    45. Investigation of Crohn’s Disease Risk Loci in Ulcerative Colitis Further Defines Their Molecular Relationship
    46. Concordance of Inflammatory Bowel Disease among Danish Twins
    47. Genome-wide association study of ulcerative colitis identifies three new susceptibility loci, including the HNF4A region
    48. Genetic variants in the region harbouring *IL2/IL21* associated with ulcerative colitis
    49. Genetic determinants of ulcerative colitis include the ECM1 locus and five loci implicated in Crohn’s disease
    50. Association analysis of genetic variants in IL23R, ATG16L1 and 5p13.1 loci with Crohn’s disease in Japanese patients
    51. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls
    52. Sequence variants in the autophagy gene *IRGM* and multiple other replicating loci contribute to Crohn’s disease susceptibility
    53. Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates autophagy in disease pathogenesis
    54. GWAS Identifies *IL23R* as an IBD Gene
    55. SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for CD in *ATG16L1*
    56. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in *TNFSF15* confer susceptibility to Crohn’s disease
    57. Disease Concordance, Zygosity, and NOD2/CARD15 Status. Follow-Up of a Population-Based Cohort of Danish Twins with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    58. Genetic variation in DLG5 is associated with inflammatory bowel disease
    59. NOD2/CARD15 gene polymorphisms and CD in the Chinese population
    60. Association between insertion mutation in NOD2 gene and Crohn’s disease in German and British populations
    61. A frameshift mutation in *NOD2* associated with susceptibility to CD
    62. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease
    63. Two stage genome–wide search in inflammatory bowel disease provides evidence for susceptibility loci on chromosomes 3, 7 and 12
    64. Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn’s disease on chromosome 16
    65. Familial Occurrence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  7. GEOGRAPHY

    1. Differential Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Based on Race and Immigration Status
    2. Sex-based differences in the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases—pooled analysis of population-based studies from the Asia-Pacific region
    3. Population Density and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Population-Based Study in 13 Countries or Regions in Asia-Pacific
    4. Sex-Based Differences in Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases-Pooled Analysis of Population-Based Studies From Western Countries
    5. Association between 25(OH)D Level, Ultraviolet Exposure, Geographical Location, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    6. Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Immigrants to Canada And Their Children: A Population-Based Cohort Study
  8. Mental health

    1. Prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    2. The bidirectional risk of inflammatory bowel disease and anxiety or depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    3. Longitudinal trajectories of anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study
    4. Schizophrenia and risk of new-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide longitudinal study
    5. Estimation of the bidirectional relationship between schizophrenia and inflammatory bowel disease using the mendelian randomization approach
    6. Depression and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Bidirectional Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study
    7. Bidirectional association between inflammatory bowel disease and depression among patients and their unaffected siblings
    8. Depression in individuals who subsequently develop inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based nested case–control study
    9. Depression and IBD: A Bidirectional Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study
    10. Depression increases the risk of inflammatory bowel disease, which may be mitigated by the use of antidepressants in the treatment of depression
    11. Depression increases the risk of inflammatory bowel disease, which may be mitigated by the use of antidepressants in the treatment of depression
    12. Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Incidence of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Results From the Nurses’ Health Study
    13. Stressful Life Events as a Risk Factor for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Onset (case-controls)
  9. Microbiome

    1. Preclinical Serological Signatures are Associated With Complicated CD at Diagnosis
    2. Gut virome-colonising *Orthohepadnavirus* genus is associated with ulcerative colitis pathogenesis and induces intestinal inflammation *in vivo*
    3. Gut virome in inflammatory bowel disease and beyond
    4. Gut microbiota signatures in inflammatory bowel disease
    5. Selection of cross-reactive T cells by commensal and food-derived yeasts drives cytotoxic T~H~1 cell responses in Crohn’s disease
    6. *Enterobacteriaceae* Growth Promotion by Intestinal Acylcarnitines, a Biomarker of Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    7. Human enteric viruses autonomously shape inflammatory bowel disease phenotype through divergent innate immunomodulation
    8. From ASCA breakthrough in Crohn’s disease and Candida albicans research to thirty years of investigations about their meaning in human health
    9. The gut microbiota in IBD
    10. Differential prevalence of pathobionts and host gene polymorphisms in chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases: Crohn’s disease and intestinal tuberculosis
    11. Novel Fecal Biomarkers That Precede Clinical Diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis
    12. Association Between *Helicobacter pylori* Colonization and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    13. The Relationship Between *Helicobacter pylori* and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    14. Gut microbiome structure and metabolic activity in inflammatory bowel disease
    15. The gut microbiota heterogeneity and assembly changes associated with the IBD
    16. Gastrointestinal Infection Increases Odds of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Nationwide Case-Control Study
    17. Fusobacterium nucleatum facilitates ulcerative colitis through activating IL-17F signaling to NF-κB via the upregulation of CARD3 expression
    18. Growth effects of *N*-acylethanolamines on gut bacteria reflect altered bacterial abundances in inflammatory bowel disease
    19. Analysis of endoscopic brush samples identified mucosa-associated dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease
    20. Gut mucosal virome alterations in ulcerative colitis
    21. Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
    22. A novel *Ruminococcus gnavus* clade enriched in inflammatory bowel disease patients
    23. Dynamics of the human gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease
    24. Dual role of *Helicobacter* and *Campylobacter* species in IBD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    25. Fungal microbiota dysbiosis in IBD
    26. Gene-microbiota interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
    27. Patient-Specific *Bacteroides* Genome Variants in Pouchitis
    28. Gut Fungal Microbiota: The Yin and Yang of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    29. Disease-specific alterations in the enteric virome in inflammatory bowel disease
    30. The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn’s disease
    31. A decrease of the butyrate-producing species *Roseburia hominis* and *Faecalibacterium prausnitzii* defines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis
    32. Bacterial protein signals are associated with Crohn’s disease
    33. Host–microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease
    34. High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease
    35. Dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in Crohn’s disease patients as revealed by a custom phylogenetic microarray
    36. Isolation of *Mycobacterium avium* Subspecies *paratuberculosis* Reactive CD4 T Cells from Intestinal Biopsies of Crohn’s Disease Patients
    37. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in children with early-onset Crohn’s disease
    38. Molecular diversity of Escherichia coli in the human gut: new ecological evidence supporting the role of adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) in Crohn’s disease
    39. On the prevalence of M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis DNA in the blood of healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    40. Fungi and inflammatory bowel diseases: Alterations of composition and diversity
    41. Reduced diversity of faecal microbiota in Crohn’s disease revealed by a metagenomic approach
    42. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies as predictors of inflammatory bowel disease
    43. Reduction in diversity of the colonic mucosa associated bacterial microflora in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease
    44. Culture of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from the blood of patients with Crohn’s disease
    45. High prevalence of adherent-invasive *Escherichia coli* associated with ileal mucosa in Crohn’s disease
    46. Anti-*Saccharomyces cerevisiae* mannan antibodies combined with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and diagnostic role
    47. Presence of adherent Escherichia coli strains in ileal mucosa of patients with Crohn’s disease
    48. Antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in patients with Crohn’s disease and their possible pathogenic importance.
    49. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA in Crohn’s disease tissue
    50. Serum Antibodies Reactive with *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Is IgA Antibody a Marker for Crohn’s Disease?
    51. Antibody to selected strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s and brewer’s yeast) and Candida albicans in Crohn’s disease
  10. OTHER DRUGS

    1. Proton Pump Inhibitor Use Before and After a Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    2. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients Using Proton-Pump Inhibitors: A Population-Based Study
    3. Systematic review with meta-analysis: environmental and dietary differences of IBD in Eastern and Western populations
    4. Associations of Antibiotics, Hormonal Therapies, Oral Contraceptives, and Long-Term NSAIDS With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study
    5. Proton pump inhibitors use and risk of inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis of observational studies
    6. Metformin use is not associated with reduced risk of older onset inflammatory bowel disease: a Danish nationwide population-based study
    7. Use of contraceptives and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a nested case-control study
    8. Regular Use of Proton Pump Inhibitor and the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pooled Analysis of 3 Prospective Cohorts
    9. Metformin Use Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    10. Proton Pump Inhibitors, H~2~ Blocker Use, and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children
    11. Use of oral contraceptives and risk of ulcerative colitis — A systematic review and meta-analysis
    12. The association between new generation oral contraceptive pill and the development of inflammatory bowel diseases
    13. Exposure to oral contraceptives increases the risk for development of inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis of case-controlled and cohort studies
    14. Oral contraceptives, reproductive factors and risk of inflammatory bowel disease
    15. Hormone Therapy Increases Risk of Ulcerative Colitis but not Crohn’s Disease
    16. Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and risk for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis: a cohort study
    17. Aspirin in the aetiology of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: a European prospective cohort study
    18. Hormonal replacement therapy after menopause is protective of disease activity in women with inflammatory bowel disease
    19. The Risk of Oral Contraceptives in the Etiology of IBD
    20. Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease in the general population (Nested case-controls. UK)
    21. Risk of inflammatory bowel disease attributable to smoking, oral contraception and breastfeeding in Italy: a nationwide case-control study
    22. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, cigarette smoking, and use of oral contraceptives: findings in a large cohort study of women of childbearing age (UK)
  11. OTHER FACTORS

    1. Sex-Related Differences in the Phenotype and Course of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: SEXEII Study of ENEIDA
    2. Causal Association Analysis of Periodontitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study
    3. Risk of inflammatory bowel disease following hospitalisation with infectious mononucleosis: nationwide cohort study from Denmark
    4. Environmental Factors Associated with Risk of Crohn’s Disease Development in the CCC-GEM Project
    5. Rewiring the altered tryptophan metabolism as a novel therapeutic strategy in inflammatory bowel diseases
    6. Prematurity, Delivery Method, and Infant Feeding Type Are Not Associated with Paediatric-onset IBD Risk
    7. Systematic review with meta-analysis: environmental and dietary differences of IBD in Eastern and Western populations
    8. Periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis
    9. The Association between Periodontitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
    10. Association between periodontal disease and inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    11. Identification of Environmental Risk Factors Associated With the Development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    12. Association Between Early-life Exposures and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Based on Analyses of Deciduous Teeth
    13. Environmental factors in IBD
    14. Increased Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Population-based Cohort Study of Patients With Hirschsprung Disease
    15. Association between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    16. Tonsillectomy and the risk of IBD
    17. Environmental Hygiene and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
    18. Identification of Environmental Factors Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Southwestern Highland Region of China: A Nested Case-Control Study
    19. Sleep Duration Affects Risk for Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study
    20. Environmental factors in a population-based inception cohort of IBD patients in Europe — An ECCO-EpiCom study
    21. Environmental factors in IBD: A case-control study based on a Danish inception cohort
    22. Environmental risk factors and UC (Case-controls. Spain)
    23. Environmental risk factors and Crohn’s disease (Case-controls. Spain)
    24. Early determinants of IBD use of two national longitudinal birth cohorts (Nested case-controls. UK)
    25. Modern life in the epidemiology of IBD
    26. Inflammatory bowel disease and domestic hygiene in infancy
    27. Childhood infections and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease
    28. A Case-Control Study of Ulcerative Colitis with Relation to Smoking Habits and Alcohol Consumption in Japan
    29. PERINATAL RISK FACTORS FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY
    30. Childhood factors in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
  12. Pregnancy and breastfeeding

    1. Impact of Maternal Smoking, Offspring Smoking, and Genetic Susceptibility on Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
    2. Maternal antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and risk of IBD in offspring: a population-based cohort study
    3. Mode of Delivery Does Not Affect the Risk of IBD
    4. Association between Passive Smoking from the Mother and Pediatric Crohn’s Disease: A Japanese Multicenter Study
    5. Fetal and early life antibiotics exposure and very early onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study
    6. Breastfeeding and IBD risk
    7. Mode of Delivery and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Offspring: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies
    8. Cesarean delivery and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    9. Breastfeeding and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis
    10. Breast-feeding protective for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in childhood
    11. Infant feeding practices and UC risk (case-control. Canada)
    12. Role of infant feeding practices in development of Crohn’s disease in childhood (cases-controls. Canada)
    13. Breast-Feeding during Infancy in Patients Who Later Develop CD was shorter (case-control. Sweden)
    14. Bottle feeding, early gastroenteritis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
  13. Tobacco

    1. Impact of Maternal Smoking, Offspring Smoking, and Genetic Susceptibility on Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
    2. Effect of smoking on the development and outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease in Taiwan: a hospital-based cohort study
    3. Appraising the causal role of smoking in multiple diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies
    4. Risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in smokers lacks causal evidence (Cases-Controls- Denmark)
    5. Ethnic Differences in the Smoking-related Risk of IBD
    6. Association between Passive Smoking from the Mother and Pediatric Crohn’s Disease: A Japanese Multicenter Study
    7. Association between inflammatory bowel disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    8. Smoking and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comparison of China, India, and the USA (Cases-Controls)
    9. Is Current Smoking Still an Important Environmental Factor in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases? Results from a Population-based Incident Cohort
    10. A Prospective Study of Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Women (Nurses’ Health Study II Cohort US)
    11. Childhood passive smoking and IBD risk
    12. Smoking and IBD risk (Cohort US-Chicago)
    13. Smoking and CD phenotype (Cases-controls, UK-Scotland)
    14. Smoking and IBD risk
    15. Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Israel)
    16. Smoking and UC risk (case-control. Australia)
    17. In siblings with similar genetic susceptibility for inflammatory bowel disease, smokers tend to develop CD and non-smokers develop UC (UK)
    18. Smoking and CD risk (case-control. Italy)
    19. Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Spain)
    20. Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Israel)
    21. Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Israel)
    22. Smoking and UC risk (case-control. USA)
    23. Childhood passive smoking and UC risk (case-control. USA)
    24. Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Sweden)
    25. Smoking and sugar intake and IBD risk (case-control. UK)
    26. Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Sweden)
    27. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study of heritability and the influence of smoking (Sweden)
    28. Smoking and UC risk (case-control. USA)
    29. Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Italy)
    30. Smoking and CD risk (case-control. UK)
  14. URBAN LIVING & POLLUTION

    1. Farming activities and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a French nationwide population-based cohort study
    2. Exposure to air pollution increases susceptibility to ulcerative colitis through epigenetic alterations in CXCR2 and MHC class III region
    3. Association between early life exposure to agriculture, biodiversity, and green space and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study
    4. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure is associated with later occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease
    5. Early-Life Hygiene-Related Factors and Risk of IBD: A Scandinavian Birth Cohort Study
    6. Influence of Early Life Factors, including breast milk Composition, on the Microbiome of Infants Born to Mothers with and without Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    7. Plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and risk of inflammatory bowel diseases in women: A nested case control analysis in the Nurses’ Health Study cohorts
    8. Analysis of Microplastics in Human Feces Reveals a Correlation between Fecal Microplastics and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Status
    9. Residential Greenspace in Childhood Reduces Risk of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study
    10. Ambient air pollution and the risk of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease: A population-based cohort study
    11. Urban-rural environmental exposure during childhood and subsequent risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis
    12. Rural and Urban Residence During Early Life is Associated with Risk of IBD: A Population-Based Inception and Birth Cohort Study
    13. A cohort incidence study of workers exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
    14. Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the mid-Ohio valley
    15. The relationship between urban environment and the inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    16. The inflammatory bowel diseases and ambient air pollution: a novel association